Based on the county-level floating population data of 2010 sixth national population census, the regional differences of influence of migration distance of floating population on urbanization are focused and analyzed, with the methods of spatial autocorrelation and geographically weighted regression. The results show that: 1) the average rate of short-distance floating population is the largest, followed by the medium-distance floating population, and the rate of long-distance floating population is the least. The migration distance of floating population varies with districts. The rate of short-distance floating population is larger in the central and northeast of China, with rate of medium-distance floating population larger in the minority nationality regions and border regions of west part of China and rate of long-distance floating population larger in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Jing-Jin-Ji Area and northwest of China. 2) There is a big difference between influence of short-distance floating, medium-distance floating and long-distance floating on urbanization, and it varies with regions. The rate of short-distance floating population is negative relevant with urbanization, and the highly negative relevant areas are mostly located in the mountainous area and provincial boundary area. The rate of medium-distance floating population is positive relevant with urbanization, and the highly positive relevant areas are mainly located in the border area between China’s second and third terrain ladder as well as the southeast hilly region. The areas that the rate of long-distance floating population is negative relevant with urbanization are mainly located in the minority nationality regions, remote and border regions, and in the rest areas the rate of long-distance floating population is positive relevant with urbanization. 3) The areas with higher rate of short-distance floating population match the areas where the rate of short-distance floating population have a strong influence on urbanization. The high-low clustered areas of the rate of medium-distance floating population form the center-periphery structure with the areas where the rate of medium-distance floating population strongly influences urbanization. The areas with higher rate of long-distance floating population mismatch with the areas where the rate of long-distance floating population highly influences urbanization.